The Gingers of ThailandKey to the genera found in Thailand
This key is based on the general
overview in Larsen, Lock, Maas & Maas (1998). Considerable new information
has been gained since the publication of this work, therefore the present key
deviates in several aspects. Two genera not found but expected in Thailand, Mantisia
and Roscoea, and the cultivated cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum, are
included in the key, in Italics and treated after the indigenous species. The
key is purely artificial and the sequence of the genera does not reflect any
relationship. In this way it has been possible to construct a key that can be
used without the use of a microscope or advanced techniques. The key is valid
to species found in Thailand only, species of the same genera, found in other
parts of Asia, may not key out correctly. In the genus Hedychium, e.g.
all species in Thailand have long exerted stamens, while one Bornean species
has a very short stamen. The arrangement of the genera in the descriptive part
reflects the relationship based on the recent molecular studies of Kress &
al. (2002).
1. Filament long
exerted...................................................................................................2
Filament not long
exerted.............................................................................................8
2. Flower bilabiate with the 2 long,
narrow, orange-red lips; fruit a long, silique-like capsule..............................................................................................25.
Siamanthus
Flower and fruit differently
shaped............................................................................3
3. Flowers bright orange and red,
labellum reduced to a small tooth...8.Rhynchanthus
Flowers either white, yellowish-orange
or red, labellum well developed............4
4 Rhizome long, stout; bracts well
developed, green, broad, densely imbricate giving the inflorescence a cone-like
appearance or narrow and leaving the axis visible, enclosing the
cincinnae..................................................................10. Hedychium
Rhizome poorly developed; inflorescence never
cone-like; bracts never enclosing the
cincinnae...............................................................................................................5
5. Leaves with cordate base, lateral
staminodes absent............9. Pommereschea
Leaves not with cordate base, lateral
staminodes present...................................6
6. Flowers greenish; labellum 3-lobed,
central lobe very short with 2 gland-like, basal swellings.........................................................................................
16. Gagnepainia
Flowers yellow, orange or violet-white;
labellum 2-lobed to entire.......................7
7. Lateral staminodes elliptic, inserted
at about the same level as the petals; labellum connate to the filament above
the petals.............................................15. Globba
Lateral staminodes very narrow, connate
to the filament fonning lateral appendages; labellum inserted at about the same
level as the petals........................Mantisia
8. Flowers less than 1.5 cm across,
orange-yellow with purple markings; labellum of about the same size and shape
as the lateral staminodes; small plants, inflorescence less than 15 cm
long............................................. 17. Hemiorchis
Flowers more than 2 cm across varying in
colour and size; labellum markedly different from the other floral
parts........................................................................9
9. Anther-crest long, enclosing the
style fonning a horn-like structure................. 10
Anther-crest variously shaped or absent,
but not enclosing the style forming a hom-like
structure.....................................................................................................11
10. Leafy stem more than 50 cm tall,
leaves several, lamina with a pulvinus-like structure at base; inflorescence
mostly on a separate shoot (in some species sometimes terminal); lateral staminodes
joined to the labellum as sidelobes...................................................................................................1.
Zingiber
Leafy stem very short, leaves 2-3
without pulvinus; inflorescence terminating the leafy shoot, lateral staminodes
free of the labellum.... 2. Cornukaempferia
11. Lateral staminodes petaloid, usually
free from labellum; distichy of leaves parallel to the
rhizome..........................................................................................................
12
Lateral staminodes absent or reduced to
small teeth or linear appendages at base of labellum; distichy of leaves
transverse to the rhizome................................26
12. Bracts laterally connate to each
other forming pouches (at least in upper part of inflorescence)..........................................................................................................
13
Bracts not laterally
connate......................................................................................
14
13. Corolla tube short, wide, flowers of
various colours, leaf-blade tapering into petiole.....................................................................................................12.
Curcuma
Corolla tube long, narrow, flowers
yellow, petiole very distinct from leaf- blade
.....................................................................................................14.
Smithatris
14. Inflorescence surrounded by a
bell-shaped involucre with 2 slits....................................................................................................13.
Stahlianthus
Inflorescence not surrounded by a
bell-shaped involucre with 2 slits............. 15
15. Bract one, spathe-like, margins
adnate to the inflorescence axis at base ......................................................................................................11.
Camptandra
Bracts several,
free.....................................................................................................
16
16. Inflorescence on a separate shoot,
at base of the leafy shoot, sometimes appearing before
this.................................................................................................................
17
Inflorescence terminal on the leafy
shoot (sometimes this is very short, bearing only 2 leaves appressed the
soil)...........................................................................20
17. Inflorescence appearing together
with the leafy shoot, bracteoles present or absent.........................................................................................................................
18
Inflorescence appearing before the leafy
shoot; bracteoles present................. 19
18. Bracteoles absent; leafy shoot over
70 cm with several leaves, flowers with glandular
hairs...........................................................................................5.
Haniffla
Braceoles present; leafy shoot short,
mostly below 50 cm with few leaves; flowers never with glandular
hairs.................................................3. Boesenbergia p.p.
19. Anther crest
inconspicuous............................................Boesenbergia
siamensis
Anther crest
prominent..............................................................6. Kaempferia
p.p.
20. Leaves less than 5 mm
broad..................................................6. Kaempferia p.p.
Leaves much broader................................................................................................21
21. Anthers yprsatile with 2 prominent,
basal spurs at right angles to the thecae...22
Anther never versatile, but sometimes free in lower
1/3—1/4, never spurred, but occasionally with two basal, saccate
appendages...........................................23
22. Dorsal petal very broad; flowers
purple or white, rarely yellow...........Roscoea
Dorsal petal narrow, flowers
yellow.......................................................7. Cautleya
23. Small, delicate plants of humid
habitats; leafy shoot well developed with subsessile leaves; lamina narrowly
lanceolate, rarely more than 10 cm
long.........................................................................................26.
Caulokaempferia
Smaller or larger robust plants of
various, mostly dry, habitats; leaves often all at base of stem, broadly
lanceolate to suborbiculate, much longer that 10
cm..........................................................................................................................24
24. Anther crest
prominent..............................................................6. Kaempferia
p.p.
Anther crest inconspicuous or
absent.....................................................................25
25. Bracts distichous; flowering from
apex down, labellum usually concave, entire; flowers without glandular
hairs........................................3. Boesenbergia p.p.
Bracts spirally arranged; flowering from
base up; labellum flat, bilobed or entire; flowers with glandular
hairs....................................................4. Scaphochlamys
26. Inflorescence on a separate shoot at
base of the leafy shoot............................27
Inflorescence terminal on the leafy
shoot or apparently lateral..........................33
27. Labellum and filament connate into a
distinct tube above the insertion of the petals; anther crest absent, mostly
leafy shoot more than 2 m sometimes up to 4 m.........................................................................................................24.
Etlingera
Labellum and filament not connate;
anther usually crested, leafy shoot varying in
height.....................................................................................................................28
28. Leaves 1-5, tufted or leafy shoot
rarefy up to 1 m most often shorter ........................................................................................................21.
Elettariopsis
Leaves many on tall leafy
shoots.............................................................................29
29. Inflorescence spindel-shaped,
enclosed by an involucre of rigid, sterile bracts; flowers red, corolla tube
more than twice as long as labellum
..........................................................................................................22.
Hornstedtia
Inflorescence not
spindelshaped, enclosed by sterile bracts; flowers varying in colour but not
pure red; corolla tube about as long as labellum or shorter.... 30
30. Inflorescence dense, axis not or
hardly visible.................................20. Amomum
Inflorescence lax, axis clearly
visible.......................................................................31
31. Inflorescence axis prostrate,
sometimes ±subterranean and only the upper part of the flowers above the
ground; plant not stilt-rooted.........................................32
Inflorescence axis erect or decurved,
never subterranean, plants stilt-rooted ............................................................................................................23.
Geostachys
32. Cincinni multi-flowered; anther
crest inconspicuous (cultivated)........Elettaria
Flowers singly on the main axis; anther
crest conspicuous.....21. Elettariopsis
33. Inflorescence apparently lateral,
breaking through the sheaths in the lower part of the leafy shoot; labellum
inconspicuous..................................19. Plagiostachys
Inflorecence terminal on the leafy shoot; labellum
prominent............18. Alpinia
Source: Kai Larsen and Supee Suksuwan Larsen
(2006) Gingers of Thailand, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden The Botanical Garden
Organization Thailand
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