1 Cinnabar (ZHU SHA)-Cinnabaris

Cinnabar (ZHU SHA)

Cinnabaris

Pharmaceutical Name:

Cinnabaris

Common Name:

Cinnabar

Part Used:

This is a mineral sulfide of cinnabar that contains mainly mercuric sulfide (HgS). Found in the provinces of Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, it is mined and broken into pieces, purified, then ground with water into a very fine powder.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet in flavor, cold in property, toxic, acts on the Heart channel.

Functions:

Tranquilizes the Mind and clears Heat and toxins.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For restlessness, feverish sensations in the chest, palpitations, insomnia, and dream-disturbed sleep, it is used with herbs that clear away Heart Heat, such as Rhizoma Coptidis (Huang Lian), Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (Gan Cao), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Dang Gui), and Radix Rehmanniae (Sheng Di Huang) in “The Cinnabaris Sedative Bolus” (Zhu Sha An Shen Wan). For palpitations and insomnia due to Blood Deficiency, it is used with Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Dang Gui ), Semen Platycladi (Bai Zi Ren), and Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (Suan Zao Ren). For epilepsy, it is used with Magnetitum (Ci Shi) and Massa Fermentata Medicinalis (Shen Qu) in “The Magnetitum and Cinnabaris Pill” (Ci Zhu Wan).

2. For sores, carbuncles, and other skin diseases, it is used with Realgar (Xiong Huang). For sore throat and canker sores of the mouth and tongue, it is used externally with Borneolum Syntheticum (Bing Pian) and Borax (Peng Sha).

Dosage and administration:

0.3–1 g, ground into a powder and infused for an oral dose, or used in pill or powder form. Appropriate amount for external use.

Precautions:

Not to be used for a long time or in large doses. It should be given cautiously to patients with abnormal Liver or Kidney functions.

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0 Limonite (YU YU LIANG)-Limonitum

Limonite (YU YU LIANG)

Limonitum

Pharmaceutical Name:

Limonitum

Common Name:

Limonite

Part Used:

This mineral is an iron ore that occurs mainly in the provinces of Zhe Jiang and Guang Dong. It is broken into pieces and calcined for use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet and sour in flavor, neutral in property, acts on the Stomach and Large Intestine channels.

Functions:

Astringes the Intestine to stop diarrhea, stops bleeding.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For chronic diarrhea and chronic dysentery, it is used with Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Bai Zhu), Fructus Psoraleae (Bu Gu Zhi), and Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (Gan Cao).

2. For metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, it is used with Os Sepiae seu Sepiellae (Hai Piao Xiao) and Concha Ostreae (Mu Li ). For abnormal leukorrhea, it is used with Rhizoma Zingiberis (Gan Jiang).

Dosage and administration:

10–20 g, decocted in water taken internally.

Precautions:

Contraindicated in patients with Excess syndromes.

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0 Realgar (XIONG HUANG)

Realgar (XIONG HUANG)

XIONG HUANG

Pharmaceutical Name:

Realgar

Latin Name:

Realgar

Common Name:

Realgar

Part Used:

Realgar is the mineral realgar. It occurs mainly in the provinces of Hu Nan, Gui Zhou, Yun Nan, and Si Chuan. Realgar is ground into a powder, which can be mixed with water for use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Pungent and bitter in flavor, warm in property, acts on the Heart, Liver, and Stomach channels.

Functions:

Removes toxins and is an antihelminthic.

Indications & Combinations:

1. To relieve swelling and pain of carbuncles and gangrene, it is used with Gummi Olibanum (Ru Xiang), Myrrha (Mo Yao), and Moschus (She Xiang). For rooted furuncles, it is applied locally. For snakebite, an equal amount of the mineral and Faeces Trogopterorum (Wu Ling Zhi ) are ground into a powder, and 6 g of the powder is taken with wine each time. The powder may also be applied locally.

2. For abdominal pain, it is used with Semen Pharbitidis (Qian Niu Zi ) and Semen Arecae (Bing Lang).

3. For asthma, malaria, or infantile convulsions due to accumulation of Phlegm.

Dosage and administration:

0.2–0.9 g, used in pill or powder form. Appropriate amount for external use.

Precautions:

Contraindicated during pregnancy. Not to be taken internally for long periods of time.

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0 Borax (PENG SHA)

Borax (PENG SHA)

Borax

Pharmaceutical Name:

Borax

Latin Name:

Borax

Common Name:

Borax

Part Used:

Borax is the crystalline substance prepared from borax ore. It is produced mainly in the provinces of Tibet and Qing Hai. It is used unprepared or calcined.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet and salty in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Lung and Stomach channels.

Functions:

Used externally to clear Heat and to remove toxins. Used internally to clear Lung Heat and resolve Phlegm.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For thrush, it is used with Realgar (Xiong Huang), Borneolum Syntheticum (Bing Pian), and Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (Gan Cao) in “The Four Treasure Pills” (Si Bao Dan). For sore throat and toothache, it is used with Borneolum Syntheticum (Bing Pian), Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (Xuan Ming Fen), and Cinnabaris (Zhu Sha) in “The Powder of Borneolum Syntheticum and Borax” (Bing Peng San). For conjunctival congestion with swelling and pain, it is used with Borneolum Syntheticum (Bing Pian) and Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus (Xuan Ming Fen).

2. For sticky yellow sputum due to accumulation of Phlegm Fire, it is used with Fructus Trichosanthis (Gua Lou) and Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (Chuan Bei Mu).

Dosage and administration:

1.5–3 g, decocted in water for internal use. Appropriate amount for external use.

Precautions:

Use with caution internally.

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0 Calamine (LU GAN SHI)

Calamine (LU GAN SHI)

LU GAN SHI

Pharmaceutical Name:

Calamina

Latin Name:

Calamina

Common Name:

Calamine

Part Used:

Calamina is the natural ore smithsonite, composed mainly of zinc carbonate. It occurs chiefly in the provinces of Guang Xi, Hu Nan, and Si Chuan. Calamina is calcined and then ground into a fine powder with water or mixed with a decoction of Rhizoma Coptidis.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet in flavor, neutral in property, acts on the Liver and Stomach channels.

Functions:

Removes nebula clouding to improve eyesight, removes Dampness, and promotes tissue regeneration.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For conjunctival congestion and nebula, it is used with Borax (Peng Sha) and other herbs.

2. For chronic ulceration with much pus and wounds that do not heal, it is used with Acacia Catechu (Er Cha).

Dosage and administration:

Appropriate amount for external use. The substance can be elutriated and used as eye drops.

Precautions:

None noted.

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0 Sulfur (LIU HUANG)

Sulfur (LIU HUANG)

Sulfur (LIU HUANG)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Sulfur

Latin Name:

Sulfur

Common Name:

Sulfur

Part Used:

Sulfur is obtained from the natural sulfur of the elemental mineral group. Sulfur is either collected and melted to free it from foreign matter or obtained by processing minerals that contain sulfur.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sour in flavor, warm in property, toxic, acts on the Kidney and Large Intestine channels.

Functions:

Counteracts poisons, is an anthelmintic, and cures sores when used externally; reinforces Yang and relaxes the bowels when taken orally.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For scabies humida, tinea, and intractable cellulitis of a Yin nature.

2. For coldness and pain of the lower back and knee and impotence due to decline of Fire at the Gate of Life, and for asthma and dyspnea due to Failure of the Kidney to grasp air, it is used with herbs for strengthening Yang.

3. For constipation due to Deficiency and Cold, it is used with Rhizoma Pinelliae (Ban Xia).

Dosage and administration:

1–3 g, used in pill or powder form. Appropriate amount for external use.

Precautions:

Contraindicated during pregnancy or in patients with flaring of Fire due to Yin Deficiency.

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0 Calcitum (HAN SHUI SHI)

Calcitum (HAN SHUI SHI)

HAN SHUI SHI

Pharmaceutical Name:

Calcitum

Latin Name:

Calcitum

Common Name:

Calcitum

Geographic Information:

Calcitum is produced mainly in the provinces of Shan Xi and He Bei. It is collected during all seasons and ground before use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Salty in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Stomach and Kidney channels.

Functions:

Clears Heat and drains Fire.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For high fever, thirst, irritability, and strong pulse, it is used with Gypsum Fibrosum (Shi Gao).

2. For sore throat and oral ulcers, it is ground for external use.

Dosage and administration:

10–15 g. Proper amount for external use.

Precautions:

None noted.

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0 Honey (FENG MI)-Apis mellifera-Miel

Honey (FENG MI)

Apis mellifera L. (Fam. Apidea)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Miel

Latin Name:

Apis cerana Fabricius or Apis mellifera L. (Fam. Apidea)

Common Name:

Honey

Part Used:

Honey

Miel is produced mainly in the provinces of Hu Bei, Si Chuan, Yun Nan, He Nan, Jiang Xi, Guang Dong, and Jiang Su. It is filtered or heated to remove

water for use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet in flavor, neutral in property, acts on the Spleen, Lung, and Large Intestine channels.

Functions:

Tonifies the Spleen and Stomach and relieves pain, moistens the lungs to stop cough, moistens the intestines to relax the bowels.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For lassitude and poor appetite, and for pain in the epigastrium. Honey has a tonifying function and is used to regulate other herbs. Tonics are often made into a bolus or soft extract with honey.

2. For chronic cough due to Lung Deficiency, dry cough due to Dryness of the Lung, it is used alone or with other herbs. For dry cough with hemoptysis due to Deficient Lung Yin, it is used with Radix Rehmanniae (Sheng Di Huang), Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (Fu Ling), and Radix Ginseng (Ren Shen).

3. For constipation due to dry intestines, it is taken alone with water once a day before meals or made into a suppository and inserted into the anus. Honey also removes toxins. It is applied externally to treat sores, swelling and scalds. It is taken internally to neutralize the toxicity of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Zhi Fu Zi) and Radix Aconiti (Wu Tou).

Dosage and administration:

10–30 g, put into a decoction or used in pill or powder form. Proper amount for external use.

Precautions:

Not to be used in patients with accumulation of Damp-Heat, stuffiness in the chest, and loose stools due to Spleen Deficiency.

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0 Magnetite (CI SHI)-Magnetitum

Magnetite (CI SHI)

Magnetitum

Pharmaceutical Name:

Magnetitum

Latin Name:

Magnetitum

Common Name:

Magnetite

Part Used:

This mineral is the ore magnetite. It is mined in the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, and Jiangsu. It is dried, and used unprepared or quenched with vinegar and ground into a fine powder.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Pungent and salty in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Liver, Heart, and Kidney channels.

Functions:

Settles Yang to tranquilize the Mind, improves sensory functions, relieves asthma by improving the Qi-receiving functions.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For hyperactivity of Yang due to Yin Deficiency with restlessness, palpitations, insomnia, dizziness, headache, and epilepsy, it is used with Cinnabaris (Zhu Sha) in “The Magnetite and Cinnnabar Pill” (Zhu Sha Wan). It is also used with Concha Haliotidis (Shi Jue Ming), Radix Paeoniae Alba (Bai Shao), and Radix Rehmanniae (Sheng Di Huang).

2. For tinnitus, deafness, and blurred vision due to Liver and Kidney Deficiency. For tinnitus and deafness, it is used with Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (Shu Di Huang), Fructus Corni (Shan Zhu Yu), and Fructus Schisandrae (Wu Wei Zi ). For blurred vision, it is used in “The Magnetite and Cinnnabaris Pill” (Zhu Sha Wan).

3. For asthma due to failure of the Kidney in receiving Qi, it is used with Fructus Schisandrae (Wu Wei Zi) and other herbs.

Dosage and administration:

10–30 g, decocted in water for an oral dose, 1–3 g each time.

Precautions:

Since this mineral may impair digestion, the pill or powder should not be taken over a long time or used in large doses.

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0 Red halloysite (CHI SHI ZHI)-Halloysitum Rubrum

Red halloysite (CHI SHI ZHI)

Halloysitum Rubrum

Pharmaceutical Name:

Halloysitum Rubrum

Latin Name:

Halloysitum Rubrum

Common Name:

Red halloysite, kaolin

Part Used:

Halloysitum Rubrum is the hydrated soil-like mineral halloysite. The mineral is ground into powder with water, or it is calcined and ground into powder with water.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet, sour, and astringent in flavor, warm in property, acts on the large intestine and stomach channels.

Functions:

Stops diarrhea, arrests bleeding, promotes tissue regeneration, and heals wounds.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For chronic diarrhea and dysentery, it is used with Limonitum (Yu Yu Liang). For blood in the stools due to cold from deficiency, it is used with Rhizoma Zingiberis (Gan Jiang).

2. For menorrhea, metrorrhagia, and profuse leukorrhea, it is used with Cacumen Platycladi (Ce Bai Ye), Radix Paeoniae Alba (Bai Shao), and Rhizoma Zingiberis (Gan Jiang). It is used for carbuncles, sores, or ulcerations with wounds that do not heal.

Dosage and administration:

10–20 g, decocted in water or used in pills or powder form for internal use. Appropriate amount for external use.

Precautions:

Contraindicated in patients with accumulation of damp heat.

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0 Blister beetle (BAN MAO)-Mylabris phalerata

Blister beetle (BAN MAO)

Mylabris phalerata Pall.(Fam. Meloidae)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Mylabris

Latin Name:

Mylabris phalerata Pall., Mylabris cichorii L. (Fam. Meloidae)

Common Name:

Blister beetle

Part Used:

Dried body

Mylabris is produced mainly in the provinces of Liaoning, Henan, Shandong, and Jiangsu. It is captured in summer and autumn. It is used unprepared after removing the head and limbs.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Pungent in flavor, cold in property, toxic.

Functions:

Removes toxins and erodes sores, removes blood stasis.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For sores, ulcers, carbuncles and scrofula, it may greatly irritate the skin, causing it to redden and then blister, so Mylabris should not be used for a long period of time.

2. For amenorrhea and masses in the abdomen. For amenorrhea, it is used with Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Da Huang) and Semen Persicae (Tao Ren). Mylabris is also effective in the treatment of various types of cancers. Used for alopecia areata. It is soaked in wine and then applied topically to the extremities.

Dosage and administration:

0.03–0.06 g, used in pill or pow

Precautions:

When applied to the skin, Mylaris may cause redness and blisters. Therefore, it should be taken with care. It is contraindicated during pregnancy.

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0 European verbena herb (MA BIAN CAO)-Verbena officinalis-Herba Verbenae

European verbena herb (MA BIAN CAO)

Verbena officinalis L. (Fam. Verbenaceae)

Verbena officinalis L. (Fam. Verbenaceae)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Herba Verbenae

Botanical Name:

Verbena officinalis L. (Fam. Verbenaceae)

Common Name:

European verbena herb

Part Used:

Aerial part

Herba Verbenae is produced mainly in the provinces of Hubei, Jiangsu, Guangxi, and Guizhou. The herb is collected in summer and autumn, dried in sunlight, and cut into segments for use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Bitter in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Liver and Spleen channels.

Functions:

Promotes blood circulation to relieve Blood Stasis, stops malarial attacks, removes toxins, and causes diuresis.

Indications & Combinations:

For masses in the abdomen, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, malaria, inflammation of the throat, carbuncles, boils, and acute infection of the urinary tract.

Dosage and administration:

4.5–9 g, decocted in water for an oral dose.

Precautions:

None noted.

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0 Flying squirrel feces (WU LING ZHI)-Pteromys volans-Excrementum Trogopteri seu Pteromi

Flying squirrel feces (WU LING ZHI)

Pteromys volans L. (Fam. Petauristidae)

Excrementum Trogopteri seu Pteromi

Pharmaceutical Name:

Excrementum Trogopteri seu Pteromi

Botanical Name:

Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards or Pteromys volans L. (Fam. Petauristidae)

Common Name:

Flying squirrel feces

Part Used:

Feces

Excrementum Trogopteri seu Pteromi is produced in the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing, Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan. It is collected in spring or autumn, dried in sunlight, used stir-baked with vinegar.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Bitter and sweet in flavor, warm in property, acts on the Liver channel.

Functions:

Promotes Blood circulation to relieve pain, removes Blood Stasis, and stops bleeding.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, post-partum abdominal pain and epigastric pain due to Blood Stasis. It is an important herb for all kinds of pain caused by Blood Stasis. It is used with Pollen Typhae (Pu Huang) or with Rhizoma Cyperi (Xiang Fu), Rhizoma Corydalis Yanhusuo (Yan Hu Suo), and Myrrha (Mo Yao).

2. For bleeding with Blood Stasis, the stir-baked herb is used with Radix Notoginseng (San Qi), Radix Rehmanniae (Sheng Di Huang), and Cortex Moutan (Mu Dan Pi).

Dosage and administration:

3–10 g, decocted separately in cheesecloth, or in pills or powders. Proper amount for external use.

Precautions:

    Contraindicated during pregnancy. It is antagonized by Radix Ginseng (Ren Shen).

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0 Japanese helwingia pith (XIAO TONG CAO)-Stachyurus himalaicus-Medulla Stachyuri

Japanese helwingia pith (XIAO TONG CAO)

Stachyurus himalaicus Hook. f. et Thoms. (Fam. Stachyuraceae)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Medulla Stachyuri

Botanical Name:

Stachyurus himalaicus Hook. f. et Thoms., Stachyurus chinensis Franch. (Fam. Stachyuraceae) or Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) Dietr. (Fam. Cornaceae)

Common Name:

Stachyurus or Japanese helwingia pith

Part Used:

Dried stem pith

Medulla Stachyuri is produced mainly in Sichuan Province.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet and neutral in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Lung and Stomach channels.

Functions:

Clears Heat, causes diuresis, and promotes lactation.

Indications & Combinations:

For oliguria, urinary infection, and galactostasis.

Dosage and administration:

2.5– 4.5 g, decocted in water for internal use.

Precautions:

It is contraindicated during pregnancy.

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0 Vietnamese sophora root (SHAN DOU GEN)-Sophora tonkinensis-Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis

Vietnamese sophora root (SHAN DOU GEN)

Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep. (Fam. Fabaceae)

1. Root; 2. Branch with flowers; 3. Fruit

Pharmaceutical Name:

Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis

Botanical Name:

Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep. (Fam. Fabaceae)

Common Name:

Vietnamese sophora root

Part Used:

Root and rhizome

Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis is produced mainly in the provinces of Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, and Guizhou. It is collected in autumn, dried in sunlight, cleaned, sliced, and used unprepared.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Bitter in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Lung channel.

Functions:

Removes Toxic Heat, soothes the throat, reduces swelling pain.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For sore throat and painful swelling of the gums due to accumulation of Toxic Heat. This is the most important herb for treating sore throat. It can be used alone or with Radix Scrophulariae (Xuan Shen), Rhizoma Belamcandae (She Gan), and Radix Isatidis (Ban Lan Gen).

Dosage and administration:

6–10 g, decocted in water for an oral dose, or ground into powder for external use.

Precautions:

Contraindicated for use in patients with loose stools or other symptoms of Cold and Deficient Spleen and Stomach.

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0 Pipefish (HAI LONG)-Solenognathus hardwickii

Pipefish (HAI LONG)

Solenognathus hardwickii (Gray.) (Fam. Syngnathidae)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Hailong

Latin Name:

Solenognathus hardwickii (Gray.), Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Fam. Syngnathidae)

Common Name:

Pipefish

Part Used:

Dried body

Hailong is produced in Guangdong and Shandong provinces. It is cut into segments or broken into pieces, and stir-baked with wine for use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet in flavor, warm in property, acts on the Kidney channel.

Functions:

Warms Kidney Yang, resolves masses to reduce swelling.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For impotence and seminal emission.

2. For masses in the abdomen and scrofula, it is used with Fructus Zizyphi Zizyphi Jujubae (Da Zao).

3. For traumatic injuries and carbuncles and boils.

Dosage and administration:

3–9 g, decocted in water for internal use. Proper amount for external use.

Precautions:

It is contraindicated in patients with flaring of the Fire due to Yin Deficiency.

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0 Glabrous greenbrier rhizome (TU FU LING)-Smilax glabra-Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae

Glabrous greenbrier rhizome (TU FU LING)

Smilax glabra Roxb. (Fam. Liliaceae)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae

Botanical Name:

Smilax glabra Roxb. (Fam. Liliaceae)

Common Name:

Glabrous greenbrier rhizome

Part Used:

Dried rhizome

Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae is grown in the southern part of China. It is collected in all seasons, dried in sunlight after removal of the rootlets and earth, or sliced when it is fresh, and then dried in sunlight.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sweet and neutral in flavor, neutral in property, acts on the Liver and Stomach channels.

Functions:

Removes Dampness, counteracts toxicity, and improves the mobility of joints.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For limb and muscle pain in syphilis or mercury poisoning, it is used alone in large quantities or with Flos Lonicerae (JinYin Hua), Cortex Dictamni (Bai Xian Pi), and Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (Gan Cao).

2. For dysuria with turbid discharge, morbid leukorrhea, and carbuncles.

Dosage and administration:

15–60 g, decocted in water for an oral dose.

Precautions:

None noted.

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0 Barbat skullcap (BAN ZHI LIAN)-Scutellaria barbataHerba Scutellariae Barbatae

Barbat skullcap (BAN ZHI LIAN)

Scutellaria barbata D. Don. (Fam. Lamiaceae)

Pharmaceutical Name:

Herba Scutellariae Barbatae

Botanical Name:

Scutellaria barbata D. Don. (Fam. Lamiaceae)

Common Name:

Barbat skullcap, scutellaria

Part Used:

Whole plant

Herba Scutellariae Barbatae is grown throughout southeastern China. It is collected in summer and autumn, dried in sunlight, and cut into segments for use.

Properties  Taste & Meridians:

Sour and bitter in flavor, cold in property, acts on the Large Intestine, Liver, Lung, and Stomach channels.

Functions:

Clears Heat, relieves toxicity, invigorates the blood, and reduces swellings.

Indications & Combinations:

1. For sores, furuncles and abscesses, and snakebite, it is used internally or externally; for trauma, it is used fresh with warm wine, and applied to the local area.

2. For viral hepatitis, it is used with Herba Taraxaci (Pu Gong Ying); for nephritic edema, it is used with Semen Plantaginis (Che Qian Zi).

3. For various types of cancer.

Dosage and administration:

15–60 g, decocted in water for an oral dose.

Precautions:

None noted.

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