Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore, J. Bot. 50: 211 (1912).
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore; Family Asteraceae
Vietnamese name: Rau tàu bay
Chinese name: 野茼蒿 ye tong hao
Papua New Guinea name: thick head (Pidgin), marago beja (Kaluli, Southern Highlands), yogobikabika (Bwaidoga, Goodenough Island, Milne Bay)
Thailand Name: phakphet chaang (Mae Hong Son), yaa kho on (Chiang Mai), phakhaan (Loei)
Latin Name: Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore
Family: Asteraceae
Synonym Name: Crassocephalum crepidioides f. crepidioides; Crassocephalum crepidioides var. crepidioides; Crassocephalum crepidioides var. lutea Steen.; Crassocephalum crepidioides f. luteum (Steen.) Belcher; Crassocephalum diversifolium Hiern; Gynura crepidioides Benth.; Gynura crepidioides var. crepidioides; Gynura diversifolia Sch.Bip. ex Asch.; Gynura microcephala Vatke
Gynura polycephala Benth. ; Senecio crepidioides Asch.; Senecio diversifolius A.Rich.
Distribution:
An erect, sparingly branched annual herb up to 100 cm tall; stem rather stout, soft, ribbed, branches pubescent. Leaves arranged spirally, elliptical, oblong or obovate-elliptical in outline, 8-18 cm × 2-5.5 cm, pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, irregularly serrate, base tapered and often long-decurrent into the petiole, upper leaves sessile; stipules absent. Inflorescence a head arranged in terminal, rather small corymbs, cylindrical, 13-16 mm × 5-6 mm, nodding during anthesis, afterwards erect, many-flowered; inner involucral bracts 1-2-seriate, initially coherent, lanceolate, 8-12 mm long, pellucid-marginate, outer involucral bracts linear, unequal, 1-4 mm long; hypanthium flat, epaleate. Flowers bisexual, equal; corolla tubular, 9-11 mm long, yellow with reddish-brown top, tube long and slender, limb short, 5-fid; anthers 5, united, purplish; ovary inferior, 1-celled, style bifid, arms long, having apical appendages. Fruit a cylindrical-linear, ribbed achene c. 2 mm long, crowned by numerous white, minutely toothed, caducous pappus hairs 9-12 mm long. Seedling with epigeal germination; hypocotyl long, up to 2 cm long; cotyledons broad-ovate, glabrous, shortly petiolate.
Distribution:
It originates from Africa and Madagascar. It is now found native to Africa; pantropical weed of Africa, S and SE Asia, Australia, Central and South America, and Pacific islands.
Ecology: Slopes, roadsides, streamsides, thickets; 300-1800 m.
Chemistry:
- In Vietnam: The leaf, stem, and floral essential oils of Crassocephalum crepidioides growing wild in central Vietnam were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major component in all 3 oils was myrcene (59.3%, 26.1%, and 43.3%, respectively).
- In India: The essential oil of Crassocephalum crepidioides was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (80.9 %) with β-myrcene (65.9 %), β-phellandrene (8.8 %), α-pinene (3.1 %) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.8 %) with α-copaene (1.5 %), and α-humulene (1.5 %). Promising essential oil yield with β-myrcene as major component, suggests that crop could be considered for commercial cultivation
Pharmacology:
1. Anti-Tumor: Study evaluated the in vitro and in-vivo antitumor activities of Crassocephalum crepidioides on murine Sarcoma 180 (S-180) and related mechanisms. Results showed oncolytic and immunopotentiation properties mediated through NF-kB-induced release of NO from macrophages.
- The obtained essential oil was tested against human cervical cancer SiHa, human oral epidermal carcinoma KB and human adenocarcinoma Colo-205 cell lines at 48 h, which showed significant results against all cell lines (59.8±3.7, 67.9±0.5 and 84.5±3.6, respectively at 100 µg/ml).
2. Renal Histo-Toxic Effects: Study evaluated the effects of oral consumption of aqueous leaf extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides on the frontal cortex, kidney, liver and testes of Sprague Dawley rats. Results showed no deleterious effect on the cytoarchitecture of the frontal cortex, liver and testes. Histopathological alterations were observed characterized by histological damage to kidneys of the rats which may be the result of direct toxicity, effect of released of toxic substances from other organs, or deleterious effects of a plant phytochemical. Results suggest further studies to isolate the specific component responsible for the kidney toxicity.
3. Cytotoxicity Testing: Cytotoxicity testing was done using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. LC50 value of leaf extract showed to be 0.901 mg/ml indicating non-toxicity.
4. Hepatoprotective/Free Radical Scavenging: Study showed Crassocephalum crepidioides to be a potent antioxidant and protective against galactosamine (GaIN) plus liposaccharide (LPS)- or CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Isochlorogenic acids, quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were identified as active components.
5. Antibacterial: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of hot aqueous extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides and C. odorata against three bacterial isolates i.e., S. aureus, K. pneunonia, and E. coli. All three were sensitive to both, however K. pneumonia was most sensitive to Crassocephalum crepidioides with MIC of 15 mg/ml while S. aureus was most resistant.
- The 24-hour mosquito larvicidal activities of the oil of the aerial parts (stems and leaves) were determined against wild-caught Aedes albopictus (IC50 = 14.3 μg/mL), laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti (IC50 = 4.95 μg/mL), and wild-caught Culex quinquefasciatus (IC50 = 18.4 μg/mL)
6. Toxicity Study as Leafy Vegetable: Study based on LC50 and toxicity table showed non of the species of vegetable Gboli investigated was toxic to shrimp larvae as their LC50 are greater than 0.1 mg/ml. Taking in account established correlation between toxicity of shrimp larvae and that of human cells, study suggests the two species of Gbolo can be considered as leafy vegetable with no risk of toxicity.
7. Renal Effects: Study evaluated the effects of oral consumption of aqueous leaf extract of Crassocephalum crepidioides on frontal cortex, kidney, liver and testes of Sprague Dawley rats using anatomical studies. Results showed no deleterious effects on the cytoarchitecture of the frontal cortex, kidney, liver, and testes of rats. It showed histophathological changes in the kidneys of treated rats suggesting it may affect the functional activities of the kidney. Authors suggest isolation of specific components responsible for renal toxicity to standardize plant preparations for maximum culinary and therapeutic benefits.
8. Antioxidant / Hepatoprotective: Study evaluated the free radical scavenging and protective actions of Crassocephalum crepidioides against chemically induced hepatotoxicity. Results showed C. crepidioides is a potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective against GaIN plus LPS- or CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. (see constituents above)
9. Anti-Diabetic/B-Cell Protection: Study in wistar albino mice evaluated the B-cell protection and anti-diabetic activities of Crassocephalum crepidioides by pancreatic B-cell culture and α-amylase inhibition technique. Results showed significant (p<0.05, p<0.01) effect on hyperglycemia compared to standard (Gliclazide) in OGTT. Plant showed efficient protection of pancreatic B-cell death in INS-1 cell line by significantly reducing levels of alloxan-induced apoptosis and intracellular ROS accumulation.
Parts used: Leaves, whole plant.
Edibility:
- Fleshy, mucilaginous leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked. Leaves have a nutty flavor.
- In Africa, fleshy mucilaginous leaves and stems are eaten as vegetable.
- A highly consumed leafy vegetable in Benin.
- In Nigeria, lightly blanched leaves are cooked with pepper, onions, tomatoes, melon, and fish or meat to makes soups and stews. In Sierra Leone, leaves are grounded into paste to make a sauce.
- In Thailand, roots eaten with chili sauce.
Medicinal:
- In Papua New Guinea Crassocephalum crepidioides leaves are used externally to treat sores and irritation of the penis. The leaves are considered mildly stomachic in Africa, and are applied to treat indigestion, colic and flatulence. In Africa the leaves are also used as an analgesic to treat headache and epilepsy, whereas powdered leaves are administered as a snuff to stop nosebleeds and smoked to treat sleeping sickness.
- Young plants are used as a vegetable in Vietnam and Japan, and in Africa the mucilaginous leaves are eaten in soups and sauces, and with groundnuts. The plants are readily eaten by livestock, and they are considered a useful green fodder for poultry. Crassocephalum crepidioides has been used successfully as a trap plant to collect adult corm weevils in banana plantations.
Reference:
- theplantlist.org
- efloras.org
- ipni.org
- stuartxchange.com
- uses.plantnet-project.org
- Soni Thakur, R. Koundal, D. Kumar, A. K. Maurya, Y. S. Padwad, B. Lal and V. K. Agnihotri; Volatile Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of Aerial Parts of Crassocephalum crepidioides growing in Western Himalaya, India. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nguyen Huy Hung, Prabodh Satyal, Do Ngoc Dai, Thieu Anh Tai, Le Thi Huong, Nguyen Thị Hong Chuong, Ho Viet Hieu, Phạm Anh Tuân, Pham Van Vuong, William N. Setzer; Chemical Compositions of Crassocephalum crepidioides Essential Oils and Larvicidal Activities Against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus; 2019 Biology Natural Product Communications
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